The Effects Of Sex Education On Children - 1107 Words

According to Roemer and Paxman, there are laws and regulations regarding sex education that inhibit children from being exposed to sexuality. I believe the idea of shielding children from sexuality is not based on evidence, and may really be dangerous. There are several studies researching how children are affected through early introduction. Unfortunately, practically all of those findings focus on abuse situations, making it difficult to make assumptions about non-abuse situations. From some of these papers, I d like to argue that shielding children of any age is actually harmful. It perpetuates the shame of sexuality being an inappropriate and unspoken topic. In my opinion, it takes from young children the ability to discuss sexual topics. I think parents, educators, and others should allow young children to become aware of sexuality. Instead of enabling browser filters on computers, we should treat sexuality the same way we treat action and violence. Maybe children should be allo wed to guide their own growth, and help them deal with it, where necessary. I feel with more liberty though, additional direction will be needed. I believe that a lot of our society s conceptions around sex are very strict in moral or religious matters, but I think there s such a thing as gradual exposure. According to Nelson and Richmond before the age of about 3, kids aren t going to remember most things anyways. I think it s essential that they face things in a reasonably logicalShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex Education Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesIn the1990s, single-sex education gained interest over coeducation, and by the early 2000s, it had gained support from congress and the Bush administration. Since then single-sex education has benefitted many students, teachers, and parents. For all of the 1800s and most of 1900s coeducation had dominated schooling over the single-sex catholic and private schools.   Unfortunately, a Title IX provision was passed prohibiting sex discrimination, so that no person should be denied admission to any schoolRead MoreSex Education and the American Family Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthe question â€Å"Should schools teach sex education?† has been asked in American households; and many families have agreed that they would rather not have the schools teach sex education to their children. In each region of the country, there are families that feel the money should not fund sex education, especially funds put into public education, because that is â€Å"a duty for the parents.† A question remains, however, why people do not discuss sex with their children, and does this lack of communicationRead MoreSchooling for All1221 Words   |  5 Pagesin the area of education has been the fight to make more single–sex schools available for students. Co-ed schooling has been the standard for education that many children enjoy being in. Many a rgue however that changing schools to be single-sex is one of the best solutions to upgrade the education for children. However, a school that provides single-sex education is not automatically a better school than a coeducational one. Thus, when seeing the whole picture, single-sex education is the same, ifRead MoreBaby Dumping Among Teenagers in Malaysia624 Words   |  3 Pagesreally serious problem that currently happen in our society. Baby dumping became chronic it is because teenagers are immature to fully understand the effect of free sex. Besides, they lack of sex education and don’t have parental control their activity. Cause of baby dumping is teenagers are too immature to fully understand the effects of free sex on their lives. So there is no doubt that another problem will be created because of it. Being a pregnant unexpectedly makes them feel panic and theyRead MoreEssay about Single-sex education vs. Coeducation962 Words   |  4 Pages Education has been an important factor of all of our lives for an exceptional amount of time, but unfortunately, America has been falling behind from other nations in their education system compared to other nations (Pahlke 444). Almost all of our public schools in our country are coeducational and only handful of them are single-sex educational schools. Single-sex education should be taken into high consideration for most students to attend because of the benefits they might gain from them. ItRead MoreEssay about Why I Support Sex Education683 Words   |  3 PagesSex education should be increased in schools. If students are educated about the effects sex has on their lives, it lessens their chance of having children at an early age. Knowledge about sex also lessens the chance of kids receiving STDS. First of all, the main reason children have sex prematurely is because they are curious. Students lack knowledge about sex because they haven’t been taught about it, however, when children know the consequences behind their actions and the risks they are takingRead MoreThe Best Kind of Sex Education708 Words   |  3 Pages There is much controversy over which form of sex education should be taught, comprehensive sex education, or abstinence-only sex education. The definition for comprehensive sex education is responsible and balanced sexuality education that seeks to assist young people in understanding a positive view of sexuality, provide them with information and skills about caring for their sexual health, and help them acquire skills to make decisions now and in the future. It is medically accurate and providesRead MoreSingle Sex Education Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesSingle-Sex education has existed since the beginning of education itself but, it has recently reemerged in the US under the pretense that it will improve school environments and help children learn better. According to psychological studies this is not the case. There is little difference between boys and girls in terms of ways they learn, and their neurodevelopment. Separating children also does not allow for socialization betwe en different genders. This conflicts with children’s social skillsRead MorePremarital Sex1352 Words   |  6 PagesPremarital Sex What are the consequences of premarital sex? How does it affect children who are born out of wedlock? Should there be consequences for having children out of wedlock? These questions plague America today as more and more people choose to disregard long-standing social traditions of abstaining from sex until marriage. Since the Sexual Revolution, attitudes about sex have changed dramatically. Gone are the days when it was a social norm to marry and then have sex which naturallyRead MoreSex Education : A High Amount Of Controversy1580 Words   |  7 PagesWhen sex education was first introduced into the school system there was a high amount of controversy. Many parents disagreed with the idea of the school teaching their children about sex, but some parents were in agreement with the benefits that sex education would offer their children. The idea of teaching sex education offered many probable benefits, such as introducing children to contraception and the risks of sexually transmit ted diseases (STDs) at a young age could help to prevent teen pregnancy

Imperialism in Africa Essay - 620 Words

Melissa B5 Imperialism in Africa In the late 1800’s Europeans took over Africa, took their resources,enslaving the Africans, and changed the course of history. The Europeans took over Africa, which is called The Scramble For Africa, in 1884-1914. The Europeans took over because Africa was rich in raw materials, they wanted power, and they thought their culture was superior. The driving force behind imperialism was need for resources, political competition, and technological advances. One driving force behind imperialism was need for natural resources. Document E uses a bar graph to show imports and exports in 1854, and 1900 between Great Britain and South Saharan Africa. Great Britain made 3 million British pounds in 1854, and 21†¦show more content†¦Document A can be used to explain a driving force behind European imperialism in Africa because it shows where and what the Europeans were competing for. The final driving force behind imperialism was technological advances. Document C is a chart that sh ows when the technological development was invented and what the use and significance was for each invention. Most of the technology in the chart was invented in the 19th centry. One of the inventions which was the method of getting quinine from cinchona tree bark cured a tropical diesease called Malaria, and the repeating rifle gave European armies an advantage over African armies. The most important invention was the method of getting quinine because it saved lives by treating people before they died of sickness. Document C could be used to explain the primary cause of European imperialism in Africa because they needed resources to advance their technology so they could take over Africa.Technological factors were not more of a primary cause of European imperialism in Africa than political reasons or nation pride because they believed the Africans were uncivilized and it was their duty and right to take over. The Europeans wanted to take over the world because they believed it was their right and they were helping everything to become better. Therefore the driving force behind imperialism was need for resources, political competition, and technologicalShow MoreRelatedImperialism in Africa2182 Words   |  9 Pagesmeant by the term imperialism. Discuss the causes of imperialism in the 1800s. Kamar Findlay ID# 092165839 Mico University College Imperialism in Africa Mrs. Pitter October 29, 2011 Imperialism is the creation and or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination (Johnston, 2000.p.375). In its simplest form Farah and Karls (2001) describes imperialism as one country’sRead MoreImperialism in South Africa1078 Words   |  5 PagesDuring Imperialistic times South Africa was a region of great resources that was greatly disputed over (Ellis). Europe’s main goal during these times was to compete against each other and played a â€Å"game† of which country can imperialize more African countries than the other. Imperialism was a curse to South Africa, because many wars, laws, and deaths were not necessary and would not have happened if South Africa were not imperialized. Imperialism is the domination by one country of political, economicRead MoreImperialism and South Africa1440 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism’s Effect on South Africa Imperialism was a movement that affected all parts of the world, beginning as early as the 19th century. Wealthy and established nations would annex and take control of underdeveloped nations and civilize them. This may sound good in theory, but Imperialism seemed to take advantage of the so-called â€Å"inferior† nations more than truly help them. The economic superpowers seized the land of the territories they thought to be subordinate, using it as trading depotsRead More Imperialism in Africa Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism in Africa Imperialism is defined as one country’s domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. In Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, imperialism was present and growing. The main countries involved in the imperialism in Africa were the French, German, and Great Britain. The French’s empire was mainly in North and West Africa while Britain’s colonies were scattered throughout the continent. Germany ruled over such countries as TanganyikaRead MoreImperialism In South Africa Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Lebanon, â€Å"So long as there is imperialism in the world, a permanent peace is impossible†. Throughout history the countries that have experienced imperialism from other countries have seen how it brings only conflicts and not peace. Africa has been one of the largest places to experience imperialism. Imperialism has affected Africa in many ways for a long time. However, one specific example of how imperialism broug ht anguish to people is the country of South Africa. An abundance of resources, butRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1457 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism By the late 19th and early 20th century, Europe was expanding its borders. In an attempt to grow its economy and culture, Europe’s superpowers began to search for new soil. Africa was an easy target; it wasn’t politically secure and it wasn’t modernized. In addition, it had reliable soil which would enable Europe to produce cash crops. European nations began to pour into Africa, called the Scramble for Africa. Soon, Europe took control of Africa, taking raw materials and destroyed AfricanRead MoreEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1518 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol of regions in Africa and set up colonies there. In the beginning, colonization caused the Africans little harm, but before long, the Europeans started to take complete control of wherever they went. The Europeans used their advanced knowledge and technology to easily maneuver through the vast African landscape and used advanced weapons to take control of the African people and their land. The countri es that claimed the most land and had the most significant effect on Africa were France, EnglandRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Africa Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesDisease and Imperialism in Africa      Ã‚  Ã‚   Diseases were prevalent in Africa during the time of European Imperialism. Disease affected both natives and European peoples in Africa. African diseases affected both natives and European explorers and soldiers as well as diseases brought by the Europeans that affected the Africans.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Numerouks diseases impadcted the Europeans in Africa during the time of Imperialism.   During the time of Imperialism many explorers and soldiers died of diseaseRead MoreMotives for British Imperialism in Africa5664 Words   |  23 PagesMotives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regionsRead MoreAfrican Imperialism And Its Effects On Africa1954 Words   |  8 PagesAfrica became known as the â€Å"dark continent† through the Europeans eyes. Not only from the skin color of its inhabitants but also from the vast lands still undiscovered. Due to the Europeans’ view that Africa had a backward sense, they believed it was their responsibility to help. Conflict arose from the creation of a new society resulting in ethnic feuds and imperialism. European imperialistic powers subjugated Africa to strengthe n their own economy. Africa’s rich supply of resources such as a large

Aggressive Behavior of Marine Fishes Free Essays

The notion of â€Å"survival of the fittest† of Charles Darwin denotes competition in the available life resources among living organisms. Biologists typically classify competition as exploitative or scramble competition and interference or defense competition (Reebs, 2008). In exploitative competition, the species explore every nook in the environment to search for the best niche, ample food supply or even the best mate. We will write a custom essay sample on Aggressive Behavior of Marine Fishes or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, defense competition results when a particular species defend their niche, food stuffs, offspring, and mate against invading animals (Reebs, 2008). With these, animals show aggressive behaviors to warn other species or to defend themselves. Hierarchical Social Structure Among Fishes Chasing and biting are commonly observed among fishes especially when a new one was placed in the group of fishes in a tank or an aquarium. Aggressive behaviors are shown by dominant fishes in the group until such time that a certain order was attained within the group where specific place for every fish has been defined (Reebs, 2008). This is called as hierarchy among fishes for a single fish dominates other fishes in the group. Since fishes not only spend high energy in fighting but also suffer injuries (Reebs, 2008), the attainment of harmony within their group through hierarchical social structure benefits them all. This phenomenon is observed among the school of salmonids, eels, centrarchids, catfishes, poeciliids, and other species (Reebs, 2008). In the hierarchy, the dominant fish tends to limit the access of subordinate fishes to available life resources such as food. As commonly observed in brown bullhead, salmon, cichlids, and medaka, the dominant fish chases subordinate fishes away from food resources (Reebs, 2008). Thus, they are forced to occupy the barren part of the habitat. As a consequence, fishes in the lower ranks are prone to stress due to annoyance and bullies of dominant fishes. This stress induces them to release metabolic hormones, as revealed by blood analysis of subordinate fishes (Reebs, 2008), that may affect then their physiological processes including growth and reproduction. The stability of the dominant status depends on the type of fish species. For instance, rainbow trout can remember their hierarchical place. Even if there will be a reduction in the physical strength of the dominant fish, lower rank fished would not attempt to take advantage and stage a coup (Reebs, 2008). On the contrary, catfishes in lower rank often look for an opportunity to dethrone the dominant fish as it shows weakness (Reebs, 2008). In the same manner, as the dominant males of cichlid guard the breeding areas, subordinate males always look for an opportunity of entreating females. These experimental observations proved the social dynamics among fishes. Territorial Defense and Aggressive Behaviors It was observed among Cottus bairdii and Rhinichthysvcataractae that adults used to occupy the deeper part of their habitat while the young forages on the shallow part (Reebs, 2008). This condition not only exposes the young to the threat of predation but also limits their food access. Meanwhile, in Betta splendens, the nest-holding males tend to display more aggressive behavior during the female laying of eggs and even more after the hatching of eggs (Jaroensutasinee and Jaroensutasinee, 2003). Also, black-belt cichlids, Cichlasoma maculicauda, assault egg predators more ferociously than non-egg predators (Reebs, 2008). They usually fry the enemy at a particular distance before launching an attack. This territoriality in terms of food resources defense is effectively done over fairly small habitat. If food resources are in a vast area, the dominant fish can hardly provide efficient protection, hence, leading to non-display of aggressive behaviour (Reebs, 2008). Trout and salmon have been observed to occupy and protect vast areas when food resources are limited. This means that territorial defense is absent if the ecological needs are distributed in vast areas and if the number of intruders is great as compared with the inhabitant fishes (Reebs, 2008). Mating and Aggressive Behaviors Fish may acquire aggressive behavior by merely just observing aggression between conspecifics (Clotfelter and Paolino, 2003). The presence of audience during fish fight may reason out for the increased behavioral display between fighting fishes (Doutrelant and McGregor, 2000). In B. splendens, male-fight losers used gill cover to attract non-witness female while the winner displayed to both witness and non-witness females (Herb, Biron, and Kidd, 20030). After witnessing the two-male wrestle, the female fighting fish, B. splendens, spent time more often with the winner while failure to witness the event, the female visited more often the loser (Doutrelant and McGregor, 2000). Conversely, although size-advantage males of B. splendens species have more chance of winning male-fight but the winning does not affect female preferences of mate (Jaroensutasinee and Jaroensutasinee, 2001). Dominant males of swordtails and guppies delve on the larger part of their habitat including the dwelling place of the females (Reebs, 2008). Due to dominant exclusion, the sexual activities of subordinate fishes tend to be suppressed. This process of exclusion paves the ways for the subordinate male guppies to spontaneously develop a more robust body color that is more attractive for female guppies, thus, regaining the chance for mating (Reebs, 2008). Biological Bases of Aggression Aggressive behaviors among animals are typically attributed to the biochemical function of the androgens. Researches revealed that by androgen decrease in a number of animal male species through castration lessened aggression while injection of hormones to castrated males caused regained aggressions (Desjardins, Hazelden, Van der Kraak, and Balshinea, 2005). Based on the findings of the group of John Wingfield, aggression can also be ascribed to physiological causes. They postulated through Challenge Hypothesis that aggressive encounters among males of the same species lead to production of androgens (Desjardins, Hazelden, Van der Kraak, and Balshinea, 2005). Their notion resulted to the emersion of several studies relating aggressive behaviors with increase in androgen, urinary, plasma, and fecal level. How to cite Aggressive Behavior of Marine Fishes, Papers

Hotel and Hospitality Management Landline Communication

Question: Describe about the Hotel and Hospitality Management for Landline Communication. Answer: Literature review From the company profile, it can be seen that Telstra offers the customers mobile and landline communication systems and services to the civic and corporate trades, taking into account mobile phone, mobile internet and broadband internet services. Market analysts have stated that the issue of Telstra has been marked as a real problem of corporation from being just the problem of the customers. Therefore, it can be stated that the network of Telstra affected huge number of customers in different parts of Australia and thus it has raised serious questions against the ability of the company in the field of service providence. The higher authority of the corporation apologized in front of all the affected customers for their communication inconvenience, as the customers were affected by this service disruption largely (Battersby 2016). It has been reported that more than 60 Myer shops throughout Australia were cash-only for more than 6 hours, as the extensive breakdown from the Telstra outage happens to be obvious. From published reports, it can be stated that the seventh system outage of Telstra this year happened just 24 hours after chief managerial Andy Penn explained reporters on a $250 million agenda in order to enhance the present and existing infrastructure. This has been a major issue against this corporation, as the politicians, government services like hospitals, transport ticketing systems all were affected severely (Knight 2016). The spokesperson of this company said that they are well aware of the fact that this severe telecommunication issue has been affecting many businesses and enterprise consumers in different parts of Australia and thus they are trying their best to investigate the cause as well as working in order to restore services on an early basis. According to the reports published, it has been found that the issue of Telstra has affected Jetstar, causing flights to be delayed. These outrage reports have been centered especially in Victoria and New South Wales taking into account Melbournes Central Business District. All the political groups were suffered because their internet is supplied by the division of finance; however, it is necessary to mention that the phone lines were still working. Besides this, it is required to mention that the outage as well affected the labors Melbourne-based movement headquarters that had to fall back onto emergency procedures (news.com.au 2016). Zhu and Giannakis (2012) have stated that the wave effect was highly noteworthy as consumers recompense a bulky payment when they sign up for Telstras system goods based on an advanced network. Therefore, whilst the corporation preserves it distributes an improved and more dependable service than the existing contestants in the market, the recent outage would bring those claims into question. At the same time, it is necessary to mention that at a journalists meeting, Telstra refused to share any updates regarding the customers issues because of the bad network. At a consequence, it is clear enough to mention that this outrage issue of Telstra with the performance have had a negative impact on the scores of customer service that in turn are connected to the staffs and the management bonuses (telstra.com.au 2016). The problem for Telstra is that it might move violently in order to keep hold of its premium cost if the network is professed to be untrustworthy enough that in turn could force it to slash its costs to recover its consumer basis. At this point, it is necessary to mention that even if does not misplace too many consumers, it would find out to be tricky enough to add fresh subscribers (Vaiman et al. 2012). Remedial Action Zhu and Giannakis (2012) have said that even a concise business system outage can be more than exasperation. When the net goes gradually downward, commerce is disturbed severely. The results can be terrible and might take into account the followings: Abridged rate of efficiency Reputational smash up Security violations Missing revenues (Guha et al. 2012) Like any other companies, Telstra as well requires a catastrophe revival plans and the particular system outage diagram is a significant division of that. Generally, when the system goes downward, there are major 4 steps for recuperating as rapidly and successfully as probable (Reichl, Schmidthaler and Schneider 2013). Detecting the outages right away throughout checking the software Notifying all the pretentious parties Isolating the schemes that are exaggerated to hold damage Revamp exaggerated schemes, so that processes can recommence (Dobson 2012) From the reports and published news, it can be seen that the outage of Telstra was one of the severe concerns and for that case, if the difficulty is not resolved with the easy trouble shooting procedures mentioned over, then it is the time to immediately put into practice the adversity reply procedure. Cao, Shao and Uprety (2013) have mentioned that although procedures might vary, a archetypal method must engage the below-mentioned features: Assessing the degree of the system outage Reviewing the issue with IT supervision Determining if any particular regions required to be abandoned and act consequently Start the counteractive activities in order to recuperate net possessions Make contact with all the applicable salespersons as well as the service providers (Dobson 2012) Pursue through on all particular revival measures for the identified exaggerated devices Report thoroughly on the event, its analysis, revival procedures along with the result to the concerned IT management Dobson (2012) has opined that putting off system outages is for all time superior than boasting to fix them, however, having a managerial endorsement and revival arrangement is highly necessary for the trades of any dimension. In this case, Back-Box is one of the leading network configuration backup solutions and Telstra based on their required are recommended to rely on this. Reports found out that commercial and enterprise consumers have been hit by this outage, rather than the customers. Therefore, at the end, it can be stated that Telstra customers could break fixed contacts because of outages. It has been reported that consumer support group option is challenging customers be allowable to smash their unchanging agreements if they have been exaggerated by Telstras manifold phone and internet system outages. References Battersby, M. 2016.Telstra outage: Myer, myki, Jetstar, politicians, hospitals hit by widespread fallout. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/media-and-marketing/telstra-hit-by-another-outage-day-after-250m-announcement-20160630-gpvi5f.html [Accessed 23 Oct. 2016]. Cao, C., Shao, X. and Uprety, S., 2013. Detecting light outages after severe storms using the S-NPP/VIIRS day/night band radiances.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,10(6), pp.1582-1586. Dobson, I., 2012. Estimating the propagation and extent of cascading line outages from utility data with a branching process.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,27(4), pp.2146-2155. Guha, S., Plarre, K., Lissner, D., Mitra, S., Krishna, B., Dutta, P. and Kumar, S., 2012. Autowitness: locating and tracking stolen property while tolerating gps and radio outages.ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN),8(4), p.31. Knight, E. 2016.Telstra outages now a real problem for the company. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/telstra-outages-now-a-real-problem-for-the-company-20160701-gpw5ra.html [Accessed 23 Oct. 2016]. news.com.au, 2016.Another day, another major Telstra outage. [online] NewsComAu. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/another-telstra-outage-just-days-after-250m-announcement-leaves-customers-furious/news-story/0772ff2e3d5eb19c8287847c2a9f4a0d [Accessed 23 Oct. 2016]. Reichl, J., Schmidthaler, M. and Schneider, F., 2013. The value of supply security: The costs of power outages to Austrian households, firms and the public sector.Energy Economics,36, pp.256-261. telstra.com.au, 2016.Telstra - Mass Service Disruption (MSD) Exemptions - Consumer advice. [online] Telstra.com.au. Available at: https://www.telstra.com.au/consumer-advice/customer-service/mass-service-disruption/ [Accessed 23 Oct. 2016]. Vaiman, M., Bell, K., Chen, Y., Chowdhury, B., Dobson, I., Hines, P., Papic, M., Miller, S. and Zhang, P., 2012. Risk assessment of cascading outages: Methodologies and challenges.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,27(2), p.631. Zhu, H. and Giannakis, G.B., 2012. Sparse overcomplete representations for efficient identification of power line outages.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,27(4), pp.2215-2224.

The Merchant Of Venice Portia free essay sample

The Merchant Of Venice: Portia # 8217 ; s Suitors Essay, Research Paper Compare and contrast Portia? s three suers, analyzing their charactersShakespeare high spots three of Portia? s suers, the Prince of Morocco, the Prince of Arragon and Bassanio. He does this to rise dramatic tenseness, as these three work forces are the most of import campaigners to win Portia? s manus in matrimony. They reveal the contents of the three coffins and their different characters every bit exposed as being proud, vain and low. They besides emphasise the racial biass of Venice a topographic point where many races clash. Their attitudes towards the coffins and their picks indicate what their character is like. This essay will compare and contrast the three suers and will research how Shakespeare influences the audience? s attitudes towards the three work forces. The Prince of Morocco is the first suer of the three suers we are introduced to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant Of Venice Portia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His first line is, ? Mislike me non for my skin color? ( Act II Scene I ) He is dying to counterbalance for the coloring material of his tegument. He shows himself to be ashamed and insecure. However his character is proud because after he comments on his tegument coloring material he proceeds to support it and boasts about himself, ? # 8230 ; this facet of mine/ Hath fright? d the valiant? The best regarded virgins of our clime/Have lov? d it excessively # 8230 ; ? ( Act II Scene I ) He challenges Portia to compare his blood with the whitest of work forces to see whose is the reddest. ? Bring me the fairest animal? And allow us do scratch for your love/ To turn out whose blood is reddish, or mine. ? ( Act II Scene I ) This would be a manner to propose that Morocco was every bit baronial as any white adult male was because ruddy blood signified bravery and virility. A batch of accent is placed on Morocco? s skin coloring material. His tedious addresss full of false and excessive congratulations makes him sound insincere, ? ? all the universe desires her ; /From all corners of the Earth they come, / To snog this shrine, this mortal external respiration saint: ? ( Act II Scene seven ) In contrast his issue is short and dignified, in entire disparity to his entryway and long addresss before taking a coffin. ? ? I have excessively griev? d a bosom /To take a boring leave: leave also-rans part. ? ( Act II Scene seven ) This indicates he does non easy accept licking. He explains his ideas on each of the coffins as he reads the letterings on them. He says the lead coffin is non deserving guessing everything for and rapidly dismisses it. When he comes to the Ag coffin he remarks, ? Thou dost deserve adequate and yet enough/May non widen so far as to the lady: ? ( Act II Scene seven ) . He exposes his secret fright that he does non merit Portia. He considers silver non to be expansive plenty for Portia and dismisses this coffin besides. He settles upon the gold coffin believing that? what many work forces want? describes Portia. His pick can be explained by the fact that it is merely his royal blood and his luck that lends him regard from the people of Venice. His wealths are really of import to him. From this we can state that Morocco represents animal love, a desire for physical pleasances as oppose to those of the head. This means Morocco Judgess on outward visual aspects. The citation, ? All that glitters is non gold? befits his character which is insecure and shoal. The 2nd suer is the Prince of Arragon whose entryway unlike Morocco? s is non pre-empted by any remarks from Portia. His haughtiness and pride are shown through his pick of coffin and his reaction to taking the incorrect coffin. He remarks on the lettering of gold coffin, ? ? I will non leap with common spirits/And rank me with brutal multitudes. ? ( Act II Scene nine ) and believing gold was excessively common for him he arrogantly discards it. He does non even halt to contemplate the lead coffin stating merely that it would hold to look more attractive for him to guess anything for it. The Ag coffin is the 1 that entreaties to him the most because he feels that no one deserving should travel unmerited. His haughtiness leads him to presume that he is worthy of Portia. Before he opens the coffin he says, ? I will presume dessert? ? . His reaction when he finds that he was unsuccessful besides highlights his haughtiness because he is so incredulous and can non believe this is go oning to him, ? Did I deserve no more than a sap? s caput? / Is that my award? Are my sweets no better? ? ( Act II Scene nine ) . He is so chapfallen that one could experience sympathy for him. But he gracefully accepts his destiny and makes a dignified issue, ? I? ll maintain my curse, /Patiently to bear my wroth. ? ( Act ii Scene nine ) . His pick indicates that Arragon represents love controlled by mind because from his point of view taking the Ag coffin was the obvious and right pick. He was blind to his ain pride. Bassanio is the last of the three suers and since he has appeared several times throughout the drama before the audience know him rather good. He is portrayed as neither proud nor chesty but shows himself to be nervous around Portia bespeaking he may be inexperienced with adult females. This contrasts with the attitudes of the other two suers, as they are full of ego. Their purpose amongst others is to do Bassanio appear virtuous. He is important and by far the most of import of the three suers because Portia really displays involvement for him. He besides receives a good study from the courier at the terminal of Act II Scene nine before he enters unlike the other two suers. He receives better intervention than the other two suers do. Portia dramas music in the background possibly to quiet him and comfort him into the right frame of head so that he may take right. She besides tries to detain him in taking the trial, ? ? for, in taking incorrect, /I lose your company: ? ( Act III Scene two ) . But he says? Let me take ; /For as I am, I live upon the rack? demoing himself to be an impatient and tortured lover or possibly dying to put claim to Portia? s luck. His long addresss before taking the coffin are excessively intense. He does nevertheless do some good points and he centres on the stating, ? wear? T justice a book by its screen? . He talks about faith, cowardliness and beauty. He says how one could explicate off evil actions by mentioning scriptural quotation marks, in consequence concealment behind faith. ? ? In faith, What damned mistake, but some sober brow/ Will bless it and O.K. it with a text? ( Act III Scene two ) On cowardliness he comments that work forces could give marks externally that they were brave but on the interior they were cowards. He besides mentions beauty and how the individual who wore the most cosmetics was the least beautiful. He mentions that head coverings could conceal things and gull even the wisest people and the illustration he gives is a beautiful scarf hides a dark face. This contrasts straight with the other two suers because they are mercenary and justice by outward visual aspects. These wise words and besides the fact that he has nil to lose and everything to derive leads him to take the lead coffin. ? ? 1000 meagre lead, / Which instead menace? nest than dost promise nothing, / Thy lividness moves me more than fluency? ( Act III Scene two ) His reaction to taking the right coffin is merely enraptured and he is ecstatic. His burbling congratulations and efforts to sound sincere fail and do him sound insincere. Shakespeare influences the audience? s attitudes towards the three work forces in the manner that he presents them. The fact that Bassanio receives a good preemption gives the audience a good feeling of him. However, Arragon receives none and Morocco receives a racialist comment before he enters and besides after he has left. Who they are influences the audience excessively, the Prince of Arragon and Morocco are supposed to be viewed as amusing characters. As at the clip, England was at war with Spain, Arragon is a instead uncomplimentary stereotype of a typical Spaniard. His haughtiness and his failure in taking the right coffin would hold been amusing to an Elizabethan audience. Besides some may happen the drama on words with his name? Arragon? and? Arrogant? besides diverting. The same is for Morocco who is jeered at for his tegument coloring material. Bassanio nevertheless is portrayed more favorably, he is a Christian, a Venetian and non proud or chesty. The manner Portia reacts to them is instrumental in act uponing the audience? s sentiments of them. When Portia picks on a mistake of a suer it is pounced upon by the audience and when Portia is happy with a suer ( that is Bassanio ) so the audience besides begins to wish him. The audience? s chief concern is that heroine of the drama is happy with whichever adult male she marries. Shakespeare has a batch of influence over the audience since it is he who decides how to show the characters and whether to do their personalities likeable or non therefore plays with the ideas of the audience. 357

The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Essays

The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Essays The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Paper The conflicting responses, which the character of Shylock provokes in the audience Paper Essay Topic: Play Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy and as a problem play; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In the play, Shakespeare wove together two classic folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to take a pound of flesh, the other involving a fight for the hand of a rich princess with a correct choice among three chests and thereby winning his companion. Shakespeares writing of the first tale centres on the Jewish moneylender Shylock who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opponent, the generous, faithful Antonio. In Shakespeares A Merchant of Venice, the character Shylock provokes conflicting responses in the audience. Throughout the play, Shylock is portrayed as being a greedy, malicious and bitter man, who is hated for his religion and his money lending. However, the audience is still able to recognise an injustice in the way he is treated. Shylock is shunned from society, principally because of his Jewish background. Therefore, the audience have conflicting feelings towards the character. Shakespeare achieves this effect through varying language techniques and dramatic devices. In this essay I will be looking at the different perceptions of Shylock and how Shakespeare controls them in order to answer the question; is Shylock a victim or a villain? The audiences perceptions of Shylock vary dramatically throughout the play. For example, Shakespeare portrays Shylock as being racist, selfish, profane and without integrity in Act 1 Scene 3, during Shylocks aside. Shylock tells the audience: I hate him for he is a Christian. This quote shows Shylock as being racist. Another quote from the aside shows the character as being without integrity: If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. This quote also shows him as being grudge bearing, ruthless and unforgiving. Passages such as this aside give the audience the perception that Shylock is the villain of the play. Shylock is petty in his hatred of Antonio, and this gives the audience a bad impression of the character. However, the audiences opinion of Shylock changes as the play continues. For example, the audience take a more sympathetic view to Shylock in Act 3 Scene 1. Shylocks To bait fish withal speech is a pivotal moment in the play, and subsequently, is pivotal to the audiences perceptions of Shylock. The speech shows Shylocks sensitive side and sways the audience into thinking that he has reason to be embittered and that perhaps Antonio, plus the other men on the Rialto are the villains of the play, and Shylock is indeed a victim. Certain quotes from the play, such as the comparisons between Christians and Jews: If you prick us, do we not bleed and fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons are particularly powerful moments in the speech and appeal massively to the audiences empathetic side. Overall, the audiences perception of Shylock swings from dislike to sympathy, and from contempt to understanding. Therefore, throughout the play it is hard to suggest whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. During Shakespeares time, anti-Semitism was very prominent. Christians hated Jews for their religious backgrounds and principally, the Jewish role in the death of Jesus Christ. Because of this hatred, many Jews were shunned from society and discriminated against because of their religion. For example, when a Portuguese Jew called Roderigo Lopez was accused of plotting to kill the Queen. During the trial, Lopez was called worse than Judas himself and of a religious profession fit for any execrable undertaking. However, far worse, the Judge himself referred to Lopez as that vile Jew. In The Merchant of Venice Shylocks character reflects the feelings harboured towards the Jews at the time. In the play, Shylock is not allowed to prosper and is particularly denied by Antonio, a wealthy Christian. It is this rivalry between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the Christian that provides the spine of the play. In my opinion, Shakespeare used this rivalry to write the play and in turn highlight the prejudice that was very strong at the time towards Jewish people. Speeches and sections of the play, such as Shylocks speech To bait fish withal portray the message that the Jews are spurned by society, however, they also ask the question of why the Jews are hated when there are so many similarities between Jews and Christians? Therefore, I suggest that Shakespeare wrote the play to educate the audience about Jewish people and how they should not be discriminated against because of their beliefs. The relationship between Antonio and Shylock is very heated. This is highlighted in Act 1 Scene 3 when the bond is agreed between the two. Both men dislike each other and compete intensely for they are both in the money lending trade. Moreover, their hatred runs deep due to their conflicting religions. Antonio is a Christian, and Shylock is an orthodox Jew. My first impressions of Shylock are that he is a shrewd businessman with a ruthless attitude. He is strong willed and determined. I also see him as being bitter and resentful. This opinion is based on Act 1 Scene 3, when Shylock agrees the bond with Antonio. This is apparent throughout the scene and is portrayed by the way Shylock is running the situation. He makes it clear that he is in control and the bond is made to seem far more important to Antonio and Bassanio than it is to Shylock. This is a dramatic device used by Shakespeare that is used to create an image of Shylock. Quotes such as: Three thousand ducats I think I may take his bond show Shylock as being care free about a very large sum of money. Words such as may show that it is not necessary for Shylock to take his bond and consequently, he is in control. This, coupled with the characters demeanour throughout the scene paints the picture that Shylock is very clever, wily and assured with his finances. However, Shylocks aside in this scene conveys to the audience that all is not what it seems; Shylock is acting cool about the bond so as to seem carefree. The aside shows Shylocks darker, far more cynical side. As aforementioned, he speaks of his contempt for Antonio as he is a Christian, and perhaps more importantly, he is a moneylender, who charges no interest on his loans, therefore is Antonio is strong competition to Shylock. Because of this rivalry and the hostility between the two men, either would take delight in having any hold over them. The fact that Shylock has this bind in the early stages of the play tells the audience that he is a villain because he has control over another man once the bond is sealed. Moreover, Antonio is a gentleman and is seen as the hero of the play; therefore, his enemy Shylock must be the villain, particularly if he has a hold over Antonio that could threaten his life. Act 3 Scene 1 is a very instrumental part of the play when answering the question; is Shylock a victim or a villain? In this scene, Shylock reports the loss of his daughter to Solanio, Salarino and consequently the audience. Shylocks daughter, Jessica, has fled Venice and Shylocks care with Lorenzo and all of her fathers wealth. This clearly angers Shylock, however this anger is furthered due to Lorenzos religious beliefs he is a Christian. Shylock and his daughter are Jewish, the fact that Jessica should run away with someone who is not of Jewish background enrages Shylock. This is particularly the case as Jessica ran away with a Christian she ran away with someone whose religion had caused her father so much indiscretion and humiliation. In this scene it is ambiguous as to whether Shylock cares more for the money he has lost, or for the loss of his only daughter. For example, quotes such as: I say my daughter is my own flesh and blood show that Shylock is distraught over the abandonment subjected to him by his daughter. Jessica was all Shylock had, and for her to leave him must have been both deeply hurtful and angering. However, there are many quotes further on in the scene when Shylock is discussing his daughters plight with Tubal, who had been searching for Jessica that suggest otherwise. For example: I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear: would she were hearsd at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin this quote is a perfect example of how materialistic Shylock is and how he cares more for his money than for the one person in the world he had a real connection with. This quote in particular shows Shylock, as being a villain, as the audience would find it hard to relate to a man who wishes his own daughter be dead, let alone sympathise with such a person, no matter what has brought this wish to his mind. The language used here is extremely vivid. For example, I would she were hearsd at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin. Words such as coffin and hearsd are excellent expression used to really paint a picture in the audiences mind of Shylock being a heartless murderer. Shakespeare makes it this way so as to create a sense in the audiences mind of Shylock stood over his daughters lifeless body, with his riches returned to him. The effect of this on the audiences opinion of Shylock is that of Shylock being ruthless and overwhelmingly materialistic. Consequently, Shylock is seen as a terrible villain. This negative side to Shylocks character is also highlighted in Act 2 Scene 8, when Salanio speaks of how Shylock reacted to his daughters renunciation. Salanio quotes Shylock as saying: A sealed bag, two sealed bags of ducats, Of double ducats, stolen from me by my daughter, And jewels, two stones, two rich and precious stones, stolen by my daughter: justice, find the girl, She hath the stones upon her and the ducats. This quote shows how Shylock is frenetic about the loss of his daughter; however, he is inconsolable over the taking of his wealth and possessions. This shows Shylock to be obsessed by money, and greedy and selfish in his pursuit for wealth. However, half way through Act 3 Scene 1, Shylock has an infinitely poignant speech in which he outlines the prejudices faced by him. This speech confuses the audience over whether Shylock is a villain or a victim. In this speech beginning To bait fish withal Shylock outlines the prejudices facing him and how they have embittered him. This speech appeals to the audiences sympathy and makes the issue as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain clouded. During the speech, Shylock compares the similarities and differences between himself and Antonio. When explaining why Antonio has shunned him he says: I am a Jew. This is a massively important moment in the play. Here, the audience is at the point where they are most sympathetic for Shylock as he argues that the reason as to why he has been treated badly is simply for his religious beliefs. Shylock is seen as the victim of racial discrimination, which in modern society is seen as utterly disgraceful. Shakespeare then continues to put forward Shylocks case against Antonio by using many figurative language techniques. For example, vivid imagery is used throughout the speech and this is highlighted by quote such as: I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions Here repetition is also used to highlight the fact that aside from their religious backgrounds there is nothing palpably different between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the Christian. Repetition is also used further on in the speech: fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is. This quote is an excellent example of the fantastic imaginary and persuasive language used by Shakespeare. In this quote the audience is on the side of Shylock, the audience realises that he is a victim of racism and can be forgiven for his misdemeanours. This forgiveness is strengthened by Shylock furthering his argument in a far more forceful way as Shakespeare writes an air of defiance into Shylocks persona: if you prick us do we not bleed? If you tickle us do we not laugh? If you poison us do we not die? And if you wrong us shall we not revenge? This quote in particular shows that Shylock, and the entire Jewish race are but only human and in almost every way similar to their Christian counterparts. This has the effect on the audience of thinking that if Shylock is not entirely different from the men on the Rialto and Antonio in particular, why do they hate him so? Shakespeare created this speech for the character to enthral the audience by creating two characters who oppose each other and who the audience can identify with. However as an alternative interpretation, I also believe that Shakespeare created this speech for the audience to give a voice to the Jewish community and perhaps give them a chance to persuade the Christian community to understand that Jews should not be discriminated against because of their beliefs, nor should any religious community. Shakespeare, in my opinion was not a racist man, nor was he afraid to shock an audience. I believe that Shylocks speech was designed to both add weight to the conflict between the two men and consequently the two religions and to add weight to the Jewish plight, which in the days of A Merchant of Venice was met with more than a little trepidation. Whilst the speech uses varying technical devices in order to enthral the audience in Shylocks plight, the language of the speech can be very ordinary. The language still naturally holds a Shakespearean tone and rhythm, however many sentences are distinctly colloquial. Shakespeare uses this effect in order to make the character seem human. This will help the audience to relate to Shylock. This, in turn, will encourage the audience to continue to question whether Shylock is indeed a victim or a villain, which will interest them further in the play. The structure of Act 3 Scene 1 is crucial as to whether the audience sees Shylock as a victim or a villain. The structure is worked so as Shylock is seen as a victim one minute and a villain the next. For example, Shylock is seen as a victim in his speech To bait fish withal yet is seen as a villain just minutes in the play later when he is conversing with Tubal about how Antonio has suffered misfortune with his fleet of ships, and is therefore subject to Shylocks clauses as written in the bond. When Tubal explains Antonios disposition to Shylock, he responds by saying: I am very glad of it, Ill plague him, Ill torture him, I am glad of it. This quote shows the villainous side to Shylock in full light. Shylock is cheered by the news of Antonios loss and looks forward to taking his pound of flesh without haste. This structure is one of the main reasons as to why it is unclear to the audience as to whether Shylock is a victim or indeed whether he is a villain. After Act 3 Scene 1, the audience will be unsure as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. Shylock will be seen as a victim of racism due to his speech to bait fish withal and how the Christians scorn him, for example the rudeness shown to him by Salario and Salarino in the scene. The audience will also feel sympathetic to Shylock, as the one person in the world he thought he could trust in has abandoned him with almost his entire wealth. However, the audience will also be aware that the character is materialistic, as shown by his response to his daughters fleeing. The audience will also feel that Shylock is viscous and a coward by how he is delighted by the news that Antonio must take the forfeit as written in the bond and Shylock can take a pound of flesh from him. These conflicting responses, coupled with the structure of this particular scene will make it impossible to decide whether Shylock is definitely a victim or definitely a villain. Another scene that contributes particularly to answering the question: is Shylock a victim or a villain? is Act 4 Scene 1 (the court scene). In this scene, Shylock is questioned as to whether he is certain he wants to take his bond, and with it Antonios life. This scene is very dramatic, however, the audience would be relaxed as they would expect Shylock to give in to the pressure placed on him and not take his bond, the audience expects Shylock to show mercy and not be the villain that he seems to be. However, this is not the case until Shylock is forced into negotiating the bond. It is necessary for Shakespeare to not allow Shylock to show mercy to Antonio, as this would be what the audience expects, which of course would make the outcome of the play rather predictable. Instead, suspense is maintained through Shylocks relentless demand of a pound of Antonios flesh. While the audience expects Shylock to capitulate, he does not. This begins to make the audience unsure of the outcome of the play and makes them anxious as to whether the hero, Antonio, will suffer the unthinkable. Portia also maintains suspense. Bassanios new love is acting as a lawyer for Antonio. She is particularly intelligent and is well aware that there are circumstances in the bond that mean Antonios life will ultimately be spared. However, she does not make these legislations known to the court for some time. She does this in order to give Shylock the opportunity to prove that he is not an unforgiving man by sparing Antonios life and by doing this suggesting that he is misunderstood and mistreated by the Christians. Portia waits right up until Shylock is preparing to plunge the knife into Antonios waiting torso before declaring her knowledge: Shed thou no blood, nor cut thou less nor more but just a pound of flesh: if thou takst more or less than a poundthou diest, all thy goods are confiscate. After Portia has declared this, the suspense is cleared. Shakespeare delivers this scene wonderfully, as the audience are certain that Shylock will surrender, until the knife is almost thrust into Antonios chest and Portia prevents the Christians death. The suspense is maintained throughout, and the audience are still unsure as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain, which keeps them eternally interested in the play. A variety of dramatic devices are also used in Act 4 Scene 1. For example, the structure of the scene is used as a dramatic device. The scene is littered with long, drawn out speeches, made by the varying characters, particularly Shylock as he argues his case, and by Antonio who protests his innocence. The Duke and Portia also have large parts to play in this scene. The different characters tend to speak in turn throughout the scene, as one would expect from a court scene. This creates the sense of an argument. This coupled with some strong points from each corner make it very hard for the audience to conclude as to who is in the wrong. However, the underlying consensus will be that Antonio does not deserve to die for his misdemeanours. This argumentative structure is particularly prominent towards the beginning of the scene. Firstly, the Duke states the case against Shylock and for Antonio, with a speech that is centred on appealing to Shylocks guilty side, and is designed to make him see sense. The speech has a tone of superiority, even at a time when humility would be well advised, as Shylock holds al the cards. The very last line of the Dukes speech highlights this aloofness, when he spits: We all expect a gentle answer Jew. This quote is hugely effective in making the audience sympathetic towards Shylocks cause, as the reference to Shylocks religious beliefs are completely irrelevant to the running of this trial. Following this, Shylock has his chance to speak and does so by insisting that he will secure his bond, and take a pound of Antonios flesh: And by our Holy Sabbath I have sworn to have the due and forfeit of my bond. After both sides have stated their cases, the argument becomes more frantic with the characters remaining stubborn and continuing their argument in short bursts. For example, Bassanio argues with Shylock, suggesting that Shylock is inhumane with rhetorical questions, such as: Do all men kill the things they do not love? It is short and well-timed phrases or questionings such as these, which continue throughout the scene, making it difficult for the audience to conclude as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. As an alternative interpretation, these rhetorical questions and short, snappy accusations, which Shylock has no chance to dismiss, may reflect the trial itself. The trial is certainly less than fair, and the pressure that the defending characters put on Shylock is also unnecessary. This is similar to the way Shylock is unable to defend himself from the threats and accusations sent his way. Overall, the structure of the scene makes it very hard for the audience to conclude as to whether Shylock is a victim or a villain. This is due to the opposing arguments being put forward in turn by each member of the scene, thus creating an uncertainty as to who is in the right, or wrong. These arguments are both equally convincing. However, overall, Shylock is made to be seem villainous by the structure of the scene as he is forced to remain stubborn and repel the opposition time after time as their case is argued often and in short and some long bursts, rather than Shylock denying their pleaful requests once only. Shakespeare has structured the scene this way in order for the audience to be unsure of who is in the right. The audience members will be able to identify with both sides of the argument, therefore they will want to follow the play further as the suspense is maintained as to who will prevail, and ultimately who will be the victim, and who will be the villain. As the scene unfolds, Shylock seems to be facing a battle that was lost before he began. The population of the courtroom is against him and his wishes. Shylock faces tremendous pressure from the defenders of Antonio, and Antonio himself, not to mention the Duke (the judge) also. While Shylock seems to be losing his battle, the audience feels ultimately that right has been done, in saving Antonios life, however, there is a sense of injustice as to how Shylock has been treated. Throughout the scene, Shylock is badgered by his opposition as they try to make him feel guilty for claiming what is rightfully his. This is highlighted by quotes such as: Not on thy sole, harsh Jew, thou makst thy knife keen. But no metal can, no, not the hangmans axe, bear half the keenness of thy sharp envy. Can no prayers pierce thee? reasons Gratiano, as he seeks to save Antonio by swaying the mind of Shylock and his conscience. Shylock continues to seek what is rightfully his, when Gratiano outrages: O be thou damned, inexcrable dog. This quote shows that Shylock is being treated awfully during the trial, and the trial is anything but fair. However, the audience will side with Antonio because they will believe that he does not deserve to die for his crime. However, the truth remains that Shylock has been denied the right to a fair trial and is being bullied by the many people who oppose him, just as they bully him on the rialto. This will endear the audience to Shylock, and will make him seem more of a victim than a villain for large parts of this scene. This is highlighted particularly at the beginning of the scene when the audience believe that he will relent and not exact his revenge on Antonio, and when the Duke opens the case with a speech that is very patronising and cruel to Shylock. For example, the aforementioned quote We all expect a gentle answer Jew is the last line in his speech, which will make the audience feel great sorrow for Shylock, as he is seemingly shunned due to his religious beliefs. Shylock is offered compensation in place of the money he has lost, three thousand ducats and more is offered his way in order to save the life of Antonio. However, Shylock denies this opportunity. This shows that Shylock is not as materialistic and greedy as his reaction to the loss of his daughter had suggested. His reasoning highlights this: If every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts and every part a ducat I would not draw them; I would have my bond. This shows Shylock to have some morals, he will stand by his beliefs, however, this is contradicted as his beliefs involve the murdering of a largely innocent man. Shylock is offered the money repeatedly throughout the scene. However, he denies it upon every occasion it is thrust in his direction. Antonio and his defence offer the money to Shylock repeatedly in order to appeal to his pocket, and his mind, and ultimately forfeit the bond. However, Shylock will not falter. This creates an opinion in the audience of Shylock being a villain. This is because Shylock must ignore the pleading of the Christians each time they remonstrate with him. This means that Shylock will deny Antonio many times, therefore the audience begin to realise that he is serious about exacting his bond, and taking the life of another, thus rendering him a murderer, and a villain of the highest calibre.

Saypa supermarket chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Saypa supermarket chains - Essay Example Subsequently, right after about two years of supermarket experience, the chain’s management decided to extend and expand. It opened the second shop in the nearest local town of Yalova. After some while, everybody became aware of Saypa as a household name. Credited to the good management team and the effective ways of advertising, in the next ten years, fifteen supermarkets were opened around different cities. The number having reached up to thirty one (31) stores in 2009, Saypa has become the leading supermarket chain in the City of Bursa with one thousand two hundred (1,200) personnel in its workforce. Supermarket chain Saypa does not merely satisfy the shopping needs but it also provides further services such as promotional cinema and theatre vouchers, organises special events and conventions for charity. It therefore strengthens relationships with society and raises the loyalty level among its customers. Recently, it launched a new promotion package which monthly awards two couples for one week holiday around Turkey. Another reason why Saypa is so popular around the city is that it was the first company which started membership cards, discount vouchers and also saving points for patrol buyers. On the other hand, the company does take care of its employers with special discount cards, sickness payments, free transportation to work and free training programmes for the new starters. Also, the company arranges parties with dinner included twice a year for a meeting and fellowship with employees. In the event, management tries to find out if the staff and personnel have anything to s ay to ameliorate the company’s service quality. Saypa`s future plan for 2009 is to expand with new branches at Istanbul which is the most populated city in Turkey and Europe. Hence, the company aims to keep up with its rivals more, and communicate easily with the

Fog of war Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fog of war - Movie Review Example With the above in mind, the films goes on to provide lessons, as portrayed in the title, eleven lessons that can be learnt from his role as secretary of defense and as an advisor. In relation to the above, the film delves and dwells on the issues that McNamara has had to live with since his years in the government. This is concerning the consequences of his counsel to the government, which led to numerous losses in the United States and the world at large. This is as displayed by his role, in which he advised the government to participate in wars that led to enormous loss of human life and destruction of property across the globe. One such event, that he confesses to, is the Vietnam war in which numerous civilians were wiped out to the tune of over 3.4 million Vietnamese lives lost. The film also allows McNamara to confess to his erroneous judgment in waging and strategizing for war. However, the film fails to capture his admission to moral failures on his side, for which he should take responsibility. As a result, the film fails to capture the details of the embarrassing truth on his role and personal responsibility towards the two wars in which he was involved. This shows a weakness in the methods of interviewing used as McNamara appears prepared to avoid any issues likely to raise controversy on his part (Holden). In addition, the film/ documentary seem to provide a moral twist to the entire storyline by bringing out his role in the Second World War. This is done by the part where he was a strategist for world war two and was part of a team that recommended the burning of Japanese cities. In this case over two million Japanese civilians were killed, which incriminates McNamara as having participated in war crimes. His moral sentimentality towards the issue is portrayed by the comments he makes on the likelihood of his prosecutions had the Japanese or Vietname se won the wars. In addition to morality, one of

At-Risk Students Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Follicular Lymphoma Case Study

Follicular Lymphoma Case Study The clinical condition given was a 33 year old patient diagnosed with chemotherapy resistant advance follicular lymphoma. Lymphoma is a type of cancer of the lymphocytes, which belongs to the white blood cell family of the body.1 White blood cells circulate the body through an extensive network of lymphatic systems, illustrated in figure 1, which includes the bone marrows, spleen, thymus and the lymph nodes. Lymphoma is categorized into two, the Hodgkin lymphoma and the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Follicular lymphoma belongs to the group of NHL that affects the B-cell lymphocytes, which plays a critical role in immune response by producing antibodies in human body. Under the view of a microscope, follicular lymphoma produces a nodule or follicular structure, as the name suggested. Microscopic image of follicular lymphoma can be seen in figure 2. Diagnosis Diagnosis requires a biopsy of a lymph node, involving the process of obtaining a small amount of tissue for testing in the laboratory.5, 6 However, biopsy alone will not be sufficient to diagnose the lymphoma. Other scans on the abdominal, chest, or pelvic areas by using techniques such as Computer Tomography Scan (CT-Scan), Positron Emission Tomography (PET-Scan), will aid diagnosis as well.7, 8 According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NNCN) Guidelines, laboratory test which is inclusive of full blood count, uric acid level, serum calcium level, as well as liver function test are needed in order to confirm diagnosis.9 Follicular Lymphoma Stages and Classifications Staging is important in patient with follicular lymphoma as it divides patient into group and determines what kind of treatment is needed, or whether treatment is required. Generally, NHLs are divided into four stages, summarized in table 1 below. Follicular lymphomas categorized in stage II, III, and IV are termed as advanced follicular lymphoma, as the case of the patient in the scenario. 5, 6 Table 1: Stages of NHL in terms of regions involved. Stages Descriptions Stage I Only one of the lymph node is involved Stage II Two or more lymph nodes from the same side of diaphragm are involved Stage III Lymph nodes at both sides of the diaphragm are involved Stage IV Involves a number of lymph nodes, tissues or organs Furthermore, lymphomas can generally be described as Low Grade, Intermediate Grade, or High Grade, depending on the speed they grow, based on the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) grading system1, 6. Generally, low grade lymphomas are slow growing, while high grade lymphomas are characterized by rapid growing tumor cell which requires aggressive treatment compared to low grade and intermediate grade lymphomas. Ironically, many High Grade lymphoma can be cured, while low grades lymphoma tends to reappear and contribute to relapses.6 Apart from the general lymphomas grading, follicular lymphomas have their own grading system, which are separated into three grades. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the follicular lymphomas are categorized according to the number of centroblast (large follicular cell) present while the tumor was scanned by using the highest power of magnification on the microscope.1, 5, 6 The grades were summarized in table 2. Causes A research done by Bosga-Bouwer et al. over 30 patients indicates that genetic factors are the primary causes of follicular lymphomas. The research used southern blotting technique, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization to confirm a translocation in the chromosome 14 and 18, which affects the bcl-2 proto-oncogene, and the main function of bcl-2 genes is to prevent apoptosis of B-cell lymphocytes.10 Overexpression of the bcl-2 gene results in prolonged survival rate of the cell due to the prevention of programmed cell death.1, 10 Signs and Symptoms Symptoms of follicular lymphoma include adenopathy, night sweats, weight loss, and fever. Adenopathy represents painless swelling in one the lymph nodes. Another important indicator includes elevated levels of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. 11 However, it is important to note that some of the patient lymphoma will be asymptomatic. Complications Follicular lymphoma will further complicate by increasing tumor bulk and threaten end-organ function. After a given period of time, it might transform into a more rapid growing lymphoma- the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In contrast, DLBCL is a much more aggressive form of NHL. According to a research done by Horning and Rosenberg, 25% to 60% of the patient will transform from follicular lymphoma into DLBCL12. A paper done by Lossos et al. suggested that the transformation to DLBCL includes multiple genetic mechanisms no single gene is responsible for the transformation13. Apart from that, another paper by Montoto from Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Unit, demonstrates that the risk will be significantly higher (P-value = 0.02) if a patient was in an advanced stage of follicular lymphoma, which is the situation present in the case scenario14. It was also found that there are no statistically significant differences between the time of initiation of therapy and chances o f transforming from follicular lymphoma into DLBCL. If a patient with DLBCL is not treated accordingly, it is often fatal 5, 14. Furthermore, tumor of follicular lymphoma might relapse and further develop into chemotherapy resistant follicular lymphoma. Chemotherapy resistant lymphoma occurs when the lymphoma that has been responding to chemotherapy had begun to grow, resisting the effects of the therapy. The resistances are acquired through a number of mechanisms, namely genetic transformation of the B-cells. When this occurs, as seen in the case, the treatment option will be narrowed down, since chemotherapy is no longer an option.15 Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality Rate Follicular lymphomas have an incidence rate of 2500 cases each year in the UK.16 It exhibits the second highest incidence rate among all the lymphomas, with the first being DLBCL. 17 It dominates 30% of all the NHL and it is the most common type of Low Grade NHL.1, 17 Prognosis Index is used to predict the treatment options and outcome of follicular lymphoma. A Follicular Lymphoma Prognosis Index, developed by Solal-Celigny, is currently being used internationally18. This prognosis index takes into account of 5 factors, which are age (>60 years), stages of follicular lymphoma (stage III IV), hemoglobin levels (low), numbers of lymph nodes/organs affected (>4), and levels of LDH (high) 17, 18. 91% of patient which suffers none of the abovementioned factors will live longer than 5 years. If the patient suffers from two or three of the factors in Follicular Lymphoma Prognosis Index, the rate of living longer than 5 years will drop to 78% and 43% respectively 18. In the UK, the median age of onset of follicular lymphoma was 60 years old, as compared to 67years old in the United States (US) 16, 19. In the US, according to the National Cancer Institute, rate of mortality was the highest among those from 75-84 years old, with a death rate of 33.7%. However, in those patient aged from 20-34 years old (case scenario patient aged 33years) mortality rate was only 1.6%. The average death rate of patient with NHL was 7.1 per 100,000 men and woman per year in the US19. Evidence Based Treatment Options of Follicular Lymphoma Follicular lymphoma can be considered incurable, but fortunately the growing tumors are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. Treatment options of lymphomas are highly based on severity of the symptoms and stages of lymphoma.5,20 If patient is asymptomatic, prescribers often employs a wait and watch approach, and according to studies, there is no difference in the survival rate between patients who were treated earlier and patients who were treated according to wait and watch method. 20 Treatments options are summarized in table 3. Treatment options Descriptions Radiotherapy Uses ionizing radiation to destroy cells Chemotherapy Uses drugs to stop or slow down the growth of cells Monoclonal antibody Uses proteins that targets rapid growing cells Radioimmunotherapy Radioactive isotopes combined with monoclonal antibodies Bone Marrow Transplant Transplantation of stem cells Radiotherapy One of the ways to treat follicular lymphoma is by performing radiotherapy, which is also called radiation therapy. It was preferably use in Stage I or Stage II of the lymphomas which are localized.20, 21 The mechanism of radiotherapy includes usage of ionizing radiation such as beta and gamma rays to destroy the tumor cells and impairs their growth, while the body removes them through a natural process. Currently, the method employed in treatment of lymphoma tumor is known as the external beam therapy. 20, 21, 22 External beam therapy is done from a machine outside the patient, which is known and the linear accelerator. Radiation to body parts above the diaphragm is known as Mantle Field radiation, while radiation to parts below the diaphragm is known as Inverted Y-field radiation.22 A study by Aviles has shown that survival rate of a patient treated with radiotherapy for a 5 years period was 48%, and if used together with chemotherapy, the patients survival rate will be increased to 83%.23, 24 According to another research by MacManus, 40% of the radiotherapy patient remained disease free after 10 years. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy involves the usage of drugs to stop or slow down the growth of lymphoma B-cells, hence managing the lymphomas symptoms.5, 6 Chemotherapy drugs only target specific rapid-growing cells such as tumor cells, and impairs their ability to multiply and growth. 20 However, many cell lines in patients such as bone marrow, hair follicles, and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract are rapid-growing cells and therefore, it will be targeted by chemotherapy drugs as well, causing the side effects. Initial responses towards chemotherapy are usually high, and therefore, it is considered as the first line-treatment in treating NHL.20 Many protocols of chemotherapy combination were proposed, with the common ones being the CHOP and CVP. CHOP therapy includes the usage of four drugs- Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone while CVP therapy uses Cyclophospharmide, Vincristine, and Prednisone.5, 6, 20 A research by Fisher had concluded that CHOP should be used as first line treatment for advanced grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with a result of 44% survival rate in 1138 patient after a period of 3 years.26 However, a more recent study by Hiddemann suggested that the use of Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, together with CHOP greatly improves the response rate of patient to 96% (P-value of 0.011), and reduce the chances of treatment failure by 60%. The study, which was done on 2005, proves that R-CHOP is the superior frontline treatment of choice for advanced follicular lymphoma compared to CHOP. According to the British National Formulary 57 (BNF 57), the usage of CHOP will produce side effects such as oral mucositis, hyperuricaemia and tumour lysis syndrome. Nausea and vomiting is also the common side effects of chemotherapy drugs, and it may lead to refusal of further treatment. Bone marrow suppression and alopecia are also of the core problems of chemotherapy drugs. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Monoclonal antibody therapy works by using antibodies that sticks to the surface of specific groups of cells, such as cancer cells, and trigger the bodys natural immune system to destroy these cells. 5 The advantages of monoclonal antibody compared to chemotherapy is that they are more specific compared to chemotherapy. Rituximab is used to treat follicular lymphoma, due to the mechanism of action of binding to CD20 protein- the abundant protein on the surface of B-cell. Rituximab causes the death of the cell by the induction of apoptosis. 29 According to the BNF 57 and North London Cancer Guideline, Rituximab is used to treat stage III and IV follicular lymphoma, or in those patient that had a relapse after treatment of chemotherapy, or those that other treatment options are exhausted.16, 28 Nice guidelines recommends that Rituximab should be given as a third-line treatment, and should only be given as first line with combination of chemotherapy to patient with stage III and IV follicular lymphoma. A meta-analysis research by Vidal et al. reveals that when Rituximab was given as a maintenance therapy, it significantly improves overall survival rate and the relapse rate of patient, compared to patient that did not have Rituximab as maintenance therapy.29, 30 Another research by Hauprock and Hess indicates that Rituximab improves survival rate if given as relapse therapy and maintenance therapy.31 When given together with CHOP chemotherapy, it greatly improves the overall outcome of a patient. Adverse side effects of Rituximab appears to be infusion related side-effects, namely the cytokine release syndrome, which is characterized by fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, as well as tumor pain. Radioimmunotherapy Radioimmunotherapy consist of one radioactive isotope and a monoclonal antibody to assist specific cell targeting. The radioactive isotope which is attached to the antibody will release radiation once the antibody is bound to the specific cell type, hence killing the cells.21, 32 This method is considered to be a more advance therapy compared to chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy. There are two drugs available now in radioimmunotherapy, namely Bexxar and Zevalin.32, 33 Zevalin consist of two radioactive isotopes called indium-111 and yttrium-90. The purpose of indium-111 in the drug is to enables physician to view the paths of the drug in the body, while yttrium-90 is the therapeutic portion of the drug. Zevalin is administered via the intravenous route together with Rituximab over a time of ten minutes, over a course of a week. The main side effect of Zevalin is lowered blood cell count, normally observed 4-6 weeks after the treatment. However, Zevalin is considered to be advantageous in terms of side-effects as it does not exhibits the normal side-effects of chemotherapy drugs, such as alopecia, nausea and vomiting. In a clinical trial involving patients with NHL, Zevalin manage to produce a response rate of 70-80%. Furthermore, in the same trial, Zevalin produces responses in patient who no longer respond to chemotherapy and Rituximab.32 A review by WitZig showed a response rate of 82% to Zevalin in patient with low grade NHL. The advantages of Zevalin Therapy are that it only uses a single dose of radiation and it is being well tolerated by the patient, which was proven in the study.34 In another randomized controlled trial done by WitZig and Gordon et al., Zevalin was proved to be more superior than Rituximab, with an overall response rate of 80% compared to 55% in treating follicular lymphoma. Apart from that, another immunotherapy drug called Bexxar, is a combination of Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab. Tositumomab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the CD20 protein in the B-cell Lymphoma, while Iodine I 131 Tositumomab is a radiolabeled derivative of the monoclonal antibody. Beta-radiation released by Iodine 131 is responsible for killing of the tumor cells. Bexxar is given in two different sets of intravenous infusion, two weeks apart.   Common side-effects of Bexxar include suppression of bone marrow, which is characterized by low blood counts. Bexxar might also cause hyperthyroidism and anti-murine antibody formations.   A research done by Kaminski et al. shows that Bexxar produces a very high response rate of 95% in 76 patients who enrolled in the study. 75% of the patient in the study still had a complete remission even after 5 years. This research of Bexxar rivals any kind of therapy previously used in treating follicular lymphoma, including chemotherapy, as Bexxar therapy will be completed in just one week, and proves to be more effective. Another study, by Jacene, comparing Bexxar and Zevalin, reveals that Bexxar will cause less bone marrow suppression compared to Zevalin, although both were generally well tolerated.   Treatment Recommendation for Patient in Case Scenario According to the patient in the case scenario given, he is currently 33 years-old and he developed chemotherapy resistant advanced follicular lymphoma recently. Advanced follicular lymphoma indicates that his condition is in either stage III or IV, involving lymph node on both sides of the diaphragm and/or organs. In this case, since the follicular lymphoma developed resistance, chemotherapy is no longer an option. According to the BNF and the NICE guideline, Rituximab monotherapy could be given to patients who have relapsed stage III or IV follicular lymphoma, which developed resistance to chemotherapy. 28, 29 It is recommended that the patient takes 375mg/m2 of Rituximab over a period of 21 days, according to the instructions in NICE guideline. The patient has to be on it for 8 cycles which is approximately 6 months.   Rituximab was proved to induce better response and improve overall survival rate in follicular lymphoma patient according to the meta-analysis of randomized trial performed by Vidal et al. and another study done by Hauptrock and Hess (mentioned above in treatment). Another study by Monila further supports the usage of Rituximab as it increase both response rate and survival rate as well as improving the long-term prognosis of follicular lymphoma patient. All these evidence validates the treatment option of using Rituximab in the patient. The cost of Rituximab based on the evaluation of Assessment Group Model in the NICE guideline is approximately  £8500 per life year gained in patient younger than 60 years-old and  £9700 per life year gained in patient aging 60 years-old and above. It is considered cost effective based on the evaluation of the NICE guideline. If treatment using Rituximab proves to be unsuccessful, radioimmunotherapy drug Bexxar will be recommended. Although Bexxar is still considered a new drug, the clinical trials done by Kaminski shows a remission rate of 75%. Bexxar had also been evaluated in one of the study, which shows that 86% of the patient achieved a complete response in Stage III and IV follicular lymphoma. Conlusion In conclusion, patient with chemotherapy resistant advanced follicular lymphoma should be treated with Rituximab, followed by Bexxar and Zevalin. All in all, with the new advances in radioimmunotherapy, the joint effort of health care professionals and the utilizing of guidelines with evidence-based research, patient with the follicular lymphoma, although incurable, will still be able to lead a healthy and fruitful life.

Loss and Bereavement Essay -- essays research papers fc

Loss and Bereavement The loss of someone close can be a very painful experience. When someone passes over to the other side, the people they leave behind are left grief-stricken. The process they go through is called bereavement or another word, people may use is called in mourning. This all depends on what beliefs the bereaved may have on dying. Different religions cope with mortality in different ways. The Buddhist religion believes in recoronation (life after death) so when a person dies the Buddhists believe that the dearly departed will come back in another life form. So what is the meaning of bereavement? Bereavement is the emotion, which everybody goes through one time or another in their life time. When someone dies the bereaved will experience the stages of bereavement, whether it is a death of a pet, someone in their family or someone who is close. A death of a son or daughter is very heartbreaking, its one of the worst pain, a parent could ever go through in his or her entire life. Parents believe that they should out live their sons or daughters and when the child passes away before they do it comes as a big shock. When a child dies, the parents are forever picking up the pieces for a long time after the death. As the years go by other people have less pain and appear to accept the death of the child where a parent will still feel the same hurt for the rest of their lives. There is always a place missing in their hearts and it cannot be fulfilled by anyone. These questions are still asked by the parents who have been bereaved through a child. Did I really have the child I lost or was I dreaming? Will all my memories start to deteriorate as time passes by? Am I going to wake up from this nightmare? When certain times of the year come round, e.g. birthdays of the deceased, mother’s day, father’s day, Christmas and the anniversary of the day the deceased departed from this existence. At any of these times of the year it can be very agonizing for the parent of the deceased. It does not matter how long ago the child has been deceased for, the memories will always be there and the agony they went through at that particular time when their child passed over to the other side. Time is supposed to be a great healer in situations like this. This is not always the case. The parent learns to live with the pain of losing a child. Some days are b... ...s, the person feels very dizzy. In the more severe panic attacks the persons’ limbs go all stiff, they can pass out, then they could be rushed to a hospital. After a few years the panic attacks ware off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Davies, R, Houghton, P, (1995) Mastering Psychology 2nd edition Macmillan Press Ltd London  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Donnellan, C, Bereavement. Vol 41, Independence Education Publisher Dunn, M, (2000) The Good Grief Guide Pathways/ How To Books Oxford Gross, r, Mcileen,R, Coolican, H, Clamp, A, Russel, J, (2000) Psychology 2nd edition Hodder & Stoughton Kubler-Ross, E, (1983) On Children and Death Macmillan Publishing Company Levine,S, (1998) Who Dies Catways Books. Bath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   web pages http://avoca.vicnet.au/-griefedu/projects.htm http://hed2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/mosby_factsheets/bereavement.html http://www.sci.monash.edu.au/psych/subject/nur1401/week12.html http://www.season.org/panic.html http://familydoctor.org/handouts/137.html

Recombinant dna technology Essay

Recombinant DNA technology refers to the ability to isolate specific DNA sequences and alter or manipulate them to produce desired effects. More often, recombinant DNA technology is referred to as biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology is fascinating in that it has developed into a multi-billion dollar industry, and completely revolutionized agriculture and pharmaceutical industries, all within the past 50 years. According to one account, biotechnology was born during a meeting in Hawaii in 1972 between Stanford medical professor Stanley Cohen, and biochemist Herbert Boyer from the University of California (Russo, 2003). The men were attending a conference on plasmids, and discussed the ability to introduce plasmid DNA into the bacterium E Coli that would allow researchers to actually clone the plasmids in the bacteria. Boyer and Cohen eventually chose different paths, both affected by the growing concerns about the safety of recombinant DNA technology, but this meeting is marked as the beginning of the biotechnology revolution. Cohen stayed in academia and defended recombinant DNA technology in US congressional hearings. During the same time, in 1976 Herbert Boyer partnered with venture capitalist and MIT graduate Robert Swanson to set up and develop the worlds first biotechnology company, Genentech (Russo, 2003). Since its introduction in the 1970’s the biotechnology industry has exploded, revolutionizing science and agricultural as well as pharmaceutical production. In 2011, Ernst &Young stated in the US alone there were 1,870 public and private biotechnology companies, their revenues worth over 60 billion US dollars (www.ey.com, 2012). To better understand how biotechnology has impacted the world we live in, it is good to have a broad understanding of the underlying principles of recombinant DNA technology. Firstly, two types of DNA are isolated. The first is bacterial plasmids that will act as the â€Å"gene carriers† and the second is DNA from another organism with a gene of interest (Campbell essential biology, 1967). The plasmid is cut in one place, and the DNA is cut in the area of interest for a specific gene. Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA molecules at highly specific locations, called restriction sites, into fragments that can be manipulated (Harrison, Sampson, 1992). The specificity of the different enzymes depends on the base sequence of the DNA. Some enzymes cut both strands at the same point to produce â€Å"blunt ends†, others cut strands at different points producing staggered ends â€Å"sticky ends† (Harrison, Sampson, 1992). The DNA fragments are then mixed with the cut plasmids, joining together at their base pairs, or â€Å"sticky ends† (G with C and T with A in a sequence). The union is made permanent by a â€Å"pasting enzyme† called DNA ligase, thus creating recombinant DNA. (Campbell essential biology, 1967). The bacterium containing the recombinant plasmid is then mass-produced creating clones of the recombinant DNA to be grown in large quantities. The success of biotechnology companies reflects the high demand and numerous applications of recombinant DNA technology. Animal farming and breeding has been altered, giving animals more meat, as well as giving cows growth hormones to produce more milk (Donnelley & McCarthy, 1994). Biotechnology is responsible for the synthesis of useful proteins to create vaccines and drugs that fight acute or chronic diseases and illnesses. Due to recombinant DNA technology, insulin is readily available to diabetics. Alternatively, genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) have been responsible for advancements in agri-business. In agriculture, biotechnology has allowed for genetically modified crops to produce more yield, and thus more revenue for farmers, by creating pest-resistant, weather- resistant crops (Federici, 2010). Genetically modified food products can be given a longer shelf life through altering the genetics of an organism. To farmers, and a world with a growing population, genetically modified crops are looking more and more attractive. Weather resistant GMO’s that can grow in otherwise detrimental climates have even been suggested as a solution to world hunger. There is concern about the safety and ethics of genetically modified and engineered organisms. In many European countries, GM foods are clearly labeled, in the US and Canada, there is no mandatory labeling laws for genetically engineered foods or products (Federici, 2010). Scientific data has indicated in some circumstances that animals fed by GM crops have been harmed or died. In some instances animals exposed to GM crops developed abnormally and displayed detrimental reproductive issues (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Increasing prevalence of food allergies has also lead to blaming untested genetically modified crops as the source of the allergies (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Environmentalists are also enraged at the introduction of genetic ally modified organisms. GM seeds, once planted, and harvested, yield seeds of their own and often mix with wild, organic seeds, thus producing offspring that are hybrids of the genetically modified organism. Loss of biodiversity due to the GM resistant strains overtaking natural plant breeds in nature is a serious concern for environmentalists and biologists (Burke, 2012). They claim that the effects of GMO’s have not been researched or experimented long enough to determine if there are any long-term side effects to humans (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Although the biological advancements in medicine and science have greatly improved the quality of life of humans, the effects of genetically modified foods and GM animals is concerning. By providing vaccines otherwise unavailable to humans through biotechnology, many people experience longer then expected life spans. Usefulness of recombinant DNA technology in the worlds healthcare system can not be denied. However, the dependence on GM food in sustaining the world’s population should be examined more in depth. Has enough research been conducted on the effects of GMO’s on humans, animals, biodiversity, and the environment? I would disagree that sufficient data exists to be exploiting the science of biotechnology as vastly as humans have. Bibliography Burke, D. C. (2012). There’s a long, long trail a-winding: The complexities of GM foods regulation, a cautionary tale from the UK. GM Crops & Food, 3(1), 30-39. doi:10.4161/gmcr.18041 Donnelley, S., & McCarthy, C. R. (1994). The brave new world of animal biotechnology. Hastings Center Report, 24(1), S1. Ernst &Young. (2012). Global Biotechnology Report. Ernst & Young website. Federici, V. (2010). GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD AND INFORMED CONSUMER CHOICE: COMPARING U.S. AND E.U. LABELING LAWS. Brooklyn Journal Of International Law, 35(2), 515-561. Harrison, J., & Sampson, J. (1992). Enhancing understanding of recombinant DNA technology. Journal Of Biological Education (Society Of Biology), 26(4), 300. Maghari, B., & Ardekani, A. M. (2011). Genetically Modified Foods and Social Concerns. Avicenna Journal Of Medical Biotechnology, 3(3), 109-117. Russo, E. (2003). Special Report: The birth of biotechnology. Nature, 421(6921), 456. Simon, J., Dickey, J., Reece, J. (1967). Campbell essential biology with physiology. (4th ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. Quaye, W. W., Yawson, R. M., Ayeh, E. S., & Yawson, I. I. (2012). CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY: THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY. African Journal Of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development, 12(5), 6354-6364