The Basic Characteristics of Effective Writing

Experiences in school leave some people with the impression that good writing simply means writing that contains no bad mistakes—that is, no errors of grammar, punctuation  or spelling. However, good writing is much more than just correct writing. Good writing responds to the interests and needs of its intended audience and at the same time, reflects  the writers personality and individuality (the authors voice). Good writing is often as much the result of practice and hard work as it is talent. You may be encouraged to know that the ability to write well is not necessarily a gift that some people are born with, nor a privilege extended to only a few. If youre willing to put in the effort, you can improve your writing. Rules for Effective Academic Professional Writing When writing term papers or essays for school, or should you go on to a career as a professional writer—be it as a technical writer, journalist, copywriter, or speechwriter—if follow you these established rules for effective writing, you should be able to excel, or at least perform competently for any given assignment: Good writing has a clearly defined purpose.It makes a definite point.It supports that point with specific information.The information is clearly connected and arranged.The words are appropriate, and the sentences are concise, emphatic, and correct. While having a grasp on proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation wont make you a good writer, these basics are more essential to academic and professional writing than most other genres (although advertising is often a curious hybrid of creative and non-fiction writing). The trick to creating academic or professional writing that someone will actually want to read is to balance the aforementioned essentials with your own voice. Think of your writing, no matter how academic as your part in a conversation. Your job is to explain the information youre trying to convey in a way thats clear and easily understood. (Sometimes, it helps to imagine youre talking rather than writing.) Good Creative Writing and Nonfiction: Its Subjective Of course, if there were only one kind of writing, it would be easier to come up with an overarching set of conventions to define what good writing is, however, non-fiction alone encompasses a wide array of genres and formats and what works for one doesnt necessarily fly with another. Now, when you add poetry, fiction (in its myriad genres and subgenres), personal essays, playwriting, blogging, podcasting, and screenwriting (to name but a few) to the mix, its almost impossible to come up with a one-size-fits-all umbrella that covers what makes writing good—or bad. One of the main reasons its so hard to separate good writing from bad writing when it comes to disciplines such as fiction, poetry, or plays, is that the definition of whats good is often subjective, and that subjectivity is a matter of personal taste. People generally know what they like and what they dont like—but that doesnt necessarily mean the writing we dont like is bad writing. Lets just choose one famous piece of literature as an example: Herman Melvilles 1851 novel Moby Dick, a cautionary allegory of obsession and revenge that pits man against nature. While theres no arguing that the novel is considered a classic of American literature and is filled with its fair share of fascinating characters, Melvilles narrative clocks in at over 200,000 words and nearly 600 pages (depending on the edition). When you consider that the average novel runs between 60,000 and 90,000 words, in terms of length alone, Melvilles tale of the whale is a whopper. Unfortunately for many reading the book, the experience is much akin to being a sailor during a whaling-era sea voyage in which you went for days on end going through the routine, tedious, mundane, redundant tasks required to keep the ship going, with the exciting parts of the journey few and far between. Unless youre fascinated by page after page relating to all things whaling, reading Moby Dick can be a chore. Does that make it a bad book? Obviously not, its just not a good book for everyone. Famous Writers on Writing Most professional writers—those gifted people who make writing look easy—will be the first ones to tell you that often its not easy at all, nor is there a right way or wrong way to go about it: There is no rule on how to write. Sometimes it comes easily and perfectly: sometimes its like drilling rock and then blasting it out with charges.—Ernest Hemingway â€Å"If you want to be a writer, you must do two things above all others: read a lot and write a lot. There’s no way around these two things that I’m aware of, no shortcut.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Stephen King If I have anything to say to young writers, its stop thinking of writing as art. Think of it as work. Its hard physical work. You keep saying, No, thats wrong, I can do it better. —Paddy Chayefsky One is never happy. If a writer is too happy with his writing, something is wrong with him. A real writer always feels as if he hasnt done enough. This is the reason he has the ambition to  rewrite, to publish things, and so on. The bad writers are very happy with what they do. They always seem surprised about how good they are. I would say that a real writer sees that he missed a lot of opportunities.—Isaac Bashevis Singer Writing is just work—theres no secret. If you dictate or use a pen or type or write with your toes—its still just work.—Sinclair Lewis Any man who keeps working is not a failure. He may not be a great writer, but if he applies the old-fashioned virtues of hard, constant labor, he’ll eventually make some kind of career for himself as writer.–Ray Bradbury People on the outside think there’s something magical about writing, that you go up in the attic at midnight and cast the bones and come down in the morning with a story, but it isn’t like that. You sit in back of the typewriter and you work, and that’s all there is to it.–Harlan Ellison As you can see, writing rarely comes easily to anyone—even the most accomplished writers. Dont lose heart. If you want to be a better writer, youre going to have to put in the work. Not everything you write is going to be great or even good, but the more you write the better your skills will become. Learning the basics and continuing to practice will help you gain confidence. Eventually, youll not only be a better writer—you might actually enjoy writing.  Just as a musician cannot deliver an inspired performance without first learning the rudiments of the craft and studying technique, once youve mastered the basics of writing, youll be ready to let inspiration and imagination take you almost anywhere you wish to go.

Life Expectancy At The Philippines - 1795 Words

Other reason why there was a deficiency in the SSS was because investments are linked to political and social considerations, limiting income and growth. Labor law, rules and regulations that protect workers’ economic security provides ways for employers to avoid the cost of social insurance, hence poor enrollment in SSS (DeCastro, 2015). Unlike Indonesia, the Philippines have a mandatory retirement age at 65 years old, even though individuals can retire as early as 60. But the life expectancy at birth for the Philippines is lower compared to Indonesia. The 2013 life expectancy at birth for the Philippines was 68.7 years , although the estimate life expectancy at the age of 65 using a life table was 13.5 years . The pension age for Indonesia is 9 years lower than the Philippines right now, but will gradually increase to 65 by 2043. According to the UN Population Division, the Philippines are currently experiencing decreasing child dependency ratio, while old-age dependency ratio will hover below 10% until it starts rising to 14% around 2050. Conclusion Unlike Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam, the Philippines have a relatively complicated benefit calculation. Replacement rates were too high for non-high earners, up to 78.1% for an average earner, therefore not achieving the pension goal of providing old-age financial security. Learning from the Philippines, we see that actuarial valuations need to be done every few years to review the sustainability of the pension fund andShow MoreRelatedThe Republic Of The Philippines1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island that comprises an archipelago of 7,107 islands located off Southeast Asia, between the Philippine Sea on the east and the South China Sea on the west. 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M alnutrition has been an issue there for many years as a result of the country’s overwhelming poverty rates (about 27.9 percent of the populace) depriving its people of food, and raging typhoons (such as Super Storm Haiyan) have only exasperated

Dimensions and Antecedents of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour

Question: Give the literature review dimensions and antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB)? Answer: Introduction Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) is a field of study gave to perceiving, clarifying, and inevitably adding to the attitude and practices of individuals (group and people) inside associations. Organizational behaviour is taking into account logical information and connected practice (Judson, 2011). McShane and Travaglione (2007), characterized organizational behaviour as the investigation of what individuals think, feel and do in and around the associations. This study is carried out by taking a methodical methodology when seeing the connections in the middle of representatives and administration or association. It has a tendency to study people, groups or the association in general and its qualities and attempt to impact them and shape them as far as authoritative settings. The organization behaviour study aides both the associations and individuals to enhance relationships, working towards the basic objectives of the organization. Dimensions of OCB According to Dennis Organ, father of OCB (Organizational Citizenship Behaviour) have decorated that there are five separate dimensions of OCB that helps the associations to enhance its effectiveness (Wang, Hinrichs, Prieto, Howell, 2013): Altruism Conscientiousness Civic Virtue Courtesy Sportsmanship Altruism It perceives the conduct composed at specific individuals. Right when individual have specific issue; charitable people go the extra mile in helping them. The diverse class of OCB is summed up suitability, which is more unimaginative great confidence: doing things right and fitting for their own specific reason rather than for any specific single person. Conscientiousness This shows apathetic behaviour consistence with principles portraying a fair worker, it states authorities go past insignificant essentials of their specific undertakings Civic Virtue It is all about staying mindful of matters that impact the relationship like interest in decision making, going to social events, participation in the political presence of the affiliation practices and possessed with affiliation practices that can help to upgrade affiliation and take a segment in organization of affiliation. Courtesy It imply such exercises like advising with others before decision have been taken, issuing recommendation to other individual, pass on data furthermore giving improvement notices or we can say that in affiliation adjusting others about change which reason impact on their work. Sportsmanship It is conduct of fixing off unimportant grievances and swearing off complaining about irrelevant matters. Frequently people think extraordinary sportsman is a person who does not whimper for loaded face by others. In any case make sure when different people are not taking after his proposition and willing to surrender his/her individual excitement for the wellbeing of work assembling and don't take it single person. Antecedents of OCB Diversity in External and Internal Environment Diversity represents an important attribute of the current environment of business. Globalization has made it crucial for all the organizations to adequately deal with a different labour force in such a way, to the point that it enhances the performance of the organization (Daskin, Saydam and Arasli, 2013). Tesco, a global retailer, having operations in around 14 nations, have loads of different work force. Tesco has a Diversity Advisory Group which gathers semi-annually to screen and guarantee that Tesco's workforce at each stage mirrors the creation of populace at each minute in time. To diminish discrimination against the debilitated individuals, Tesco was the first association to secure focuses for the enlistment of incapacitated individuals; this is the reason Tesco was given a symbol of two-tick by Remploy. The diversity strategy of is vital to the way it approaches training and development and recruitment and selection is reflected all through the goals of the business. Apart from internal diversity, Tesco has also linked its diversity culture externally by collaborating with four key networks (Businesscasestudies.co.uk, 2015): ABC Network: Its point is to settle on Tesco the head honcho of decision for African, Black British and Caribbean associates Asian Network: serves to raise the profile of professions at Tesco to groups of Asian people. Women Network: expanding the women profile in the business and supporting them to add to their career Out at Tesco: This group speaks to those with diverse sexual introductions. It has more than 1,000 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals Human Behavior and Differences in Employees The OB theories are concerned with comprehension the behaviour of individuals at work. It incorporates values of organization, motivation for the employees and personality of the employees. Personality alludes to a few qualities, qualities abilities and skills of people alongside certain other attributes like preparing and disposition. It implies particular examples of conduct of a single person in a characterized circumstance (Ashraf, n.d.). The personality of an employee or a candidate applying for TESCO is tested using Situational Judgement Test (SJT), Verbal Reasoning Test, Numerical Reasoning Test and Abstract/Inductive Reasoning Test (JobTestPrep - Psychometric Test Preparation, 2015). Additionally, Options program of Tesco also helps the employees to develop their personality. This personality development program serves to deliver enduring capabilities. This implies employees get to be more positive, gainful and significant to the association in the long haul. Enrolling new pe rsonnel is more extravagant than retaining existing personnel, so for Tesco, retaining personnel is amazingly vital. This further helps to increase the motivational level of the employees. Tesco follows various theories of motivation for instance; the system of rewards at Tesco is aligned with the Taylors motivational theory. Tesco supports their staffs through money support and also offers good environment. Tesco offers key employment training to offer help staffs 'achieve the extraordinary'. The association likewise takes after vocation exchange yearly with every workers; the association in like manner anxieties the progression of the whole individual and has executed a game plan of 360 degree feedback (Businesscasestudies.co.uk, 2015). This shows that the organization values play a vital role in organizational citizenship behaviour. For Tesco, the employees, community matters most, the organization treats them, as the people want and also creates lots of job opportunities encoura ging and helping customers and colleagues to face the challenges (Tesco plc, 2015). Making Decisions and Problem Solving Compelling vital business choices unite the right assets for the right markets at the ideal time. Timing is essential. The nature of an organization's choice making helps it pick up favourable element over contenders. Business choices must mirror aims of an association, for example, to amplify returns for its shareholders. They ought to likewise identify with its objectives for example, to be the business pioneer in its field. This methodology applies paying little heed to the span of the business. Tesco respects its staff to join in a study of staff fulfilment named "Viewpoint" which accommodates them the opportunity to express their viewpoints on all aspects of their occupation. The outcomes from the study help Tesco confirm it is advancing the right things to its staff to keep them induced. Communication Communication aids hierarchical individuals to finish both individual and authoritative objectives, execute and react to hierarchical change, coordinate authoritative exercises and participate in basically organizations pertinent behaviour. Organizational viability is connected to interchanges. Major issues emerge when breakdowns happen and a significant inquiry for supervisors is whether they will convey well or inadequately (Keyton et al., 2013). At Tesco, face to face discussions with the supervisors are held in a formal manner. This helps the workers to comprehend their shortcomings and enhance them. Further a daily meeting is held with the colleagues by the line supervisors to keep the group redesigned with the most recent occupation data and worth recompenses. This worth recompenses gives the representatives an approach to praise their accomplishments. Managing Intergroup Dynamics Group plays a vital role in every organization. It is very important to manage these teams effectively. This is since as the way of assignments did by associations gets to be progressively intricate, the customary arrangement of a manager dealing with a few people is getting to be progressively hard to keep up. Thus, associations are making more noteworthy utilization of gatherings in different routes: to settle on choices as a council, to expand quality through quality circles, by making a team to create and produce another item etc. Therefore, effective teamwork has helped Tesco to improve the job satisfaction level, enhanced the experiences and opinions and improved the productivity. This teamwork also helps the organization to reduce conflict. Working in a team helps in building up a sound answer for a contention through open correspondence, regard for one another and making fulfilling options. For Instance, in 2014, Tesco had received the Award for Excellence in Learning and Dev elopment (LD) where 94% of the employees believed that there exists more collaboration and effective teamwork (Scullin, 2014). Organization Structure Organizational structure is the gathering of individuals to finish work. It makes connections among a business' directors and specialists, issuing them power to complete obligations. The structure of an organization also plays a vital role in OB, it includes employee skills and attitudes, size, product and services offered location and managerial staff (Carapiet and Harris, 2007). The organization structure involves five primary goals: decentralization and centralization of organization, span of control, managerial hierarchy, departmentalization and division of labour. All these five factors give shape to an organization. For instance, Tesco follows decentralized structure of organization. This structure is effectual because it also makes easier for the store manager to take decision. They do not have to take confirmation from the top head managers. This organizational structure also gives a clear picture of who is the in-charge of which department. This helps the organization to gro w rapidly. Organization Culture Organization culture is the plans and imparted learning grew by specific individuals for reacting, communicating, seeing, deciphering to the social substances (Silverthorne, 2004). Tesco's hierarchical society is to offer ideal condition to all the workers in the association, empowering cooperation for powerful collaboration, taking after differing culture in the association, learning based environment and fulfilling the customers with better administration and items. This type of organizational structure helps employees to synergistically build up the association in a superior manner (Bellot, 2011). The workplace of Tesco is encompassed with excellent society that shapes the methods and employment relationship in the association. Thusly, it is helping the association to fathom the issues because of outer components furthermore inner incorporation by building up an imparted example Conclusion This literature review has closely looked at dimensions of the organizational citizenship behaviour of individuals in Tesco who have a tendency to embrace, for example, counterproductive practices, authoritative citizenship, and the reasons why individuals receive those practices, and how to impact or shape negative practices in a manner that meets organizational targets. It is observed that organizational citizenship behaviour is connected to many factors like organization culture, organization structure, intergroup dynamics, communication, human behaviour, diversity and problem solving through effective decisions. These factors help the organization to behave effectively, and stay away from such negative work practices. References Ashraf, T. (n.d.). ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR. [online] unesco.org, pp.156-158. Available at: https://www.unesco.org/education/aladin/paldin/pdf/course02/unit_14.pdf [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Bellot, J. (2011). Defining and Assessing Organizational Culture. Nursing Forum, 46(1), pp.29-37. Businesscasestudies.co.uk, (2015). Development - How training and development supports business growth - Tesco | Tesco case studies, videos, social media and information | Business Case Studies. [online] Available at: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/how-training-and-development-supports-business-growth/development.html#axzz3UznApdpK [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Businesscasestudies.co.uk, (2015). Engaging with diverse groups - Using diversity and inclusion to provide better service - Tesco | Tesco case studies, videos, social media and information | Business Case Studies. [online] Available at: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/using-diversity-and-inclusion-to-provide-better-service/engaging-with-diverse-groups.html#axzz3UznApdpK [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Carapiet, S. and Harris, H. (2007). Role of self-organisation in facilitating adaptive organisation: a proposed index for the ability to self-organise. Production Planning Control, 18(6), pp.466-474. Daskin, M., Saydam, S. and Arasli, H. (2013). The Critical Antecedents to Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Empirical Evidences from North Cyprus Service Industry. jmr, 5(2). JobTestPrep - Psychometric Test Preparation, (2015). Tesco Psychometric Tests: Numerical, Verbal, Logical Reasoning and SJT Test Practice. [online] Available at: https://www.jobtestprep.co.uk/tesco.aspx [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Judson, A. (2011). Changing behavior in organizations. 5th ed. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell. Keyton, J., Caputo, J., Ford, E., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S., Liu, T., Polasik, S., Ghosh, P. and Wu, C. (2013). Investigating Verbal Workplace Communication Behaviors. International Journal of Business Communication, 50(2), pp.152-169. McShane S, Travaglione T, 2007, Organisational Behaviour, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Australia ptd ltd, NSW, Australia, Alisa Brackley du Bois Scullin, C. (2014). Personnel Today Awards 2014 winners: Tesco leads the way for LD at larger employers - Personnel Today. [online] Personnel Today. Available at: https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/personnel-today-awards-2014-winners-tesco-learning-development-1000-employees/ [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Silverthorne, C. (2004). The impact of organizational culture and person organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership Org Development J, 25(7), pp.592-599. Tesco plc, (2015). Tesco plc. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=10 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015]. Wang, L., Hinrichs, K., Prieto, L. and Howell, J. (2015). Five dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior: Comparing antecedents and levels of engagement in China and the US. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(1), pp.115-147.